Vanadium

Vanadium (V), with the atomic number 23, is a medium-hard, steel-blue metal known for its corrosion resistance and durability. It has an atomic mass of 50.9415 u, a melting point of approximately 1910°C (3470°F), a boiling point of about 3407°C (6155°F), and a density of 6.0 g/cm³. This transition metal is found naturally in various minerals and fossil fuel deposits.

Electronically, vanadium's most significant contribution is in the realm of vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs). These batteries leverage vanadium ions in different oxidation states to store and release energy, which makes them ideal for grid energy storage applications due to their scalability, long cycle life, and relative safety.

Vanadium is also utilized as a doping agent in the manufacturing of semiconductors. It can modify electrical properties of semiconductors, enhancing their performance in electronic devices. Additionally, vanadium's compounds, such as vanadium pentoxide (V2O5), are used as catalysts in the production of sulfuric acid and in the manufacturing of certain polymers and chemicals.

In aerospace and construction, vanadium's role is to strengthen steel and titanium alloys. This enhanced strength and reduced weight contribute to more efficient structures and better fuel economies in vehicles and aircraft.